Question:
An interaction where the actor and recipient both suffer a cost is referred to as
- Altruism
- Cooperation
- Mutualism
- Spite
Answer:
Spite is an interaction between species where both suffer a cost (option 4).
Explanation:
There are six basic types of interactions between species, defined by whether it helps or harms one or both parties.
- Mutualism is an interaction where there is mutual benefit to both parties. A classical example is nitrogen fixation by rhizobia bacteria in the root nodules of legumes – the plant receives usable nitrogen compounds in the form of ammonia or amino acids, and the bacteria get organic acids for their carbon and energy needs.
- Spite is an interaction where there is harm to both parties. An example of this behaviour can be seen in two strains of the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens: if they are plated in close proximity, bacteria from one strain with explode in a shower of toxins to kill the other strain.
- Predation is when one species eats another species – so it harms one species but benefits the other. A sparrow eating a grain or a lion eating a giraffe are both predations.
- Parasitism is similar to predation in the sense that one species is harmed and the other is benefited, but in this case the association is long-term. So rather than straight up eating the prey, the parasite lives with, on, or inside the host, consuming resources without providing any return. These are often the cause of diseases, such as tapeworm, wuscheria, and Plasmodium (the protozoa that cause malaria).
- In commensalism, one species benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor benefited. An example would be barnacles growing on whales. The barnacle uses the movement of the whale to capture food by passive filtration, while the whale is not affected either way.
- Amensalism is an interaction where one species is harmed, and the other is neither harmed nor benefited. Some bacteria, for instance, produce antibiotics that kill other microbes.
I am very happy that I came across“강남안마” this in my search for something concerning this.
Spot on with this write-up, I absolutely feel this website needs far more
“오피스북”
attention. Iíll probably be returning to see more, thanks for the advice!
There most be a solution for this problem무료스포츠중계, some people think there will be now solutions, but i think there wil be one.
Thanks for sharing. I really enjoyed your post. Crystals can provide support when you’re feeling down or stressed
해외스포츠중계Fantastic goods from you, man. I have understand
I wonder how so much effort you place to make one “오피스북”of these fantastic info web site.
thank you i love it.
i just would like to give you a huge Perfect piece of work
this internet site Aspect Window replacement In addition to installing abode improvement products that compel your serene “성인웹툰” Can I get your associate earn several just right stuff here. Definitely value bookmarking for revisiting.
Every game, Every gamer, All in one place. Welcome to Lucky Cola
The market continues to evolve, with new devices and flavors constantly emerging. One of the key attractions of electric smoke vapes is the wide range of flavors available. Users can choose from traditional tobacco, menthol, fruit, dessert, and many other flavors.
Outlast the competition – Rise to the top Hawkplay